Prevalence of Shielding in Diagnostic X-ray Centers in the Islamic Republic of Iran: A Systematic Review

Shielding has been recommended as an effective tool against radiation exposure. Several studies have published on the availability and use of shielding tools in diagnostic X-ray centers across the country and contradictory results been reported. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to find out the status of radiation protection in term of availability and use of shielding tools in diagnostic X-ray centers in Iran. An extensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed/Medline, Embase, ISI, Cochrane Library, SID, Magiran, IranMedex, Irandoc and Google-Scholar search engine. We also manually searched the reference lists of the relevant studies. Two authors independently assessed the eligibility of all studies and extracted data. Thirty-seven studies published from 1998 to 2019 were included in this systematic review. In all, 1089 diagnostic X-ray centers, 4439 radiographs and performance of 1472 radiographers were covered in these studies. The availability of lead apron, gonad shield and thyroid collar were ranged from 7 to 95.5%, 26.6 to 94% and 7 to 94%, respectively. Moreover, their usage was ranged from 0 to 85.5%, 0 to 35% and 0 to 38.4%, respectively. In addition, lens shield was discussed in one study with availability of 0%. During 1998 to 2019, the status of shielding had not improved across the country. Therefore adherence to the safety guideline as far as possible is required to protection patients from undue exposure to radiation

Prevalence of Shielding in Diagnostic X-ray Centers in the Islamic Republic of Iran: A Systematic Review

Shielding has been recommended as an effective tool against radiation exposure. Several studies have published on the availability and use of shielding tools in diagnostic X-ray centers across the country and contradictory results been reported. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to find out the status of radiation protection in term of availability and use of shielding tools in diagnostic X-ray centers in Iran. An extensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed/Medline, Embase, ISI, Cochrane Library, SID, Magiran, IranMedex, Irandoc and Google-Scholar search engine. We also manually searched the reference lists of the relevant studies. Two authors independently assessed the eligibility of all studies and extracted data. Thirty-seven studies published from 1998 to 2019 were included in this systematic review. In all, 1089 diagnostic X-ray centers, 4439 radiographs and performance of 1472 radiographers were covered in these studies. The availability of lead apron, gonad shield and thyroid collar were ranged from 7 to 95.5%, 26.6 to 94% and 7 to 94%, respectively. Moreover, their usage was ranged from 0 to 85.5%, 0 to 35% and 0 to 38.4%, respectively. In addition, lens shield was discussed in one study with availability of 0%. During 1998 to 2019, the status of shielding had not improved across the country. Therefore adherence to the safety guideline as far as possible is required to protection patients from undue exposure to radiation

The relationship between demographic characteristics and motivational factors in employees\' social security hospitals of Mazandaran

Background: Health worker motivation has the potential to have a large impact on health system performance, and this depends on some factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting this motivation. Methods: From Winter 2013 to Spring 2014, 1046 employees and physicians (439 males and 607 females) with a mean age of 36 and 37.2 years in men and women, respectively were chosen in selected hospitals of Social Security Organization (SSO). They were randomly categorized into six different classes of service record, age education class of hiring (permanent and contractual), marital status, and gender. The variables assessed via the classification groups were as follows: interpersonal relations, working conditions, equity, pay, job security, supervision, advancement, recognition, responsibility, and attractiveness of job, educational and organizational policies. Results: Bachelor’s degree (65%) or higher were the education degrees of most participants. Significant relations were observed regarding age, marital status, hiring, gender and years of service with promotion, recognition, responsibility, attractiveness of job, education, relations, working condition, equity, salary, job security, supervision and organizational policies. There were significant relations with hire status and degree with advancement and other variables. There were significant relations between marital status, gender, years of service and age with the above variables. Conclusion: The results show that the important variables that influence motivational factors are academic degree, hire status, marital status, gender, age and years of service